What type of essay requires investigation and argumentation based on research?

The correct answer is an argumentative essay because this type of writing specifically aims to persuade the reader of a particular viewpoint through a combination of research, investigation, and logical reasoning. An argumentative essay typically includes well-researched evidence and data to support the writer's claim, presenting both sides of an argument to provide a balanced view before drawing conclusions.

In contrast, descriptive essays focus on painting a picture with words about a specific topic or event, without necessarily advocating for a particular viewpoint or delving into investigation. Narrative essays tell a story from a personal perspective, emphasizing experience and emotions rather than making an argument. Expository essays aim to explain or inform about a topic, presenting facts and information without arguing for or against a position. Therefore, the unique requirement of investigation and argumentation based on research clearly aligns with the nature of argumentative essays.